Endurance Performance (cycling/running/field sports)

Healthy adults seeking improved time trial or sustained high-intensity performance.

endurance
performance
athlete
increase time-to-exhaustion
improve time trial performance
reduce perceived exertion

Core stack

Caffeine (anhydrous)
A

Form: tablet/capsule

Dose: 3–6 mg/kg

~60 minutes pre-event (or split doses across warm-up for sensitive users)

Per event (avoid late-evening use)

Why: Improves endurance performance, alertness, and perceived exertion.

Cautions
  • May cause jitters/anxiety, tachycardia, GI upset; avoid evening dosing
  • Pregnancy: limit total caffeine per obstetric guidance
Beta-alanine
A

Form: capsule/powder

Dose: 4–6 g/day

Divide into 2–4 doses; load for 4–8 weeks

At least 4 weeks to see effect; maintain 1.2–1.6 g/day thereafter

Why: Increases muscle carnosine—buffers H+ and supports performance in high-intensity efforts (1–4 min, repeated bouts).

Cautions
  • Paresthesia (tingling) at high single doses—use sustained-release or split doses
Dietary nitrate (beetroot juice)
A

Form: beetroot juice/shot

Dose: 5–9 mmol nitrate (~300–600 mg)

2–3 hours pre-event; consider 3–7 day loading for repeated events

Acute or short loading

Why: Enhances nitric oxide availability; may improve exercise efficiency and time-trial performance.

Cautions
  • Avoid antibacterial mouthwash around dosing (reduces nitrate→nitrite conversion)
  • May cause GI upset in some users

Adjuncts

Sodium bicarbonate
A

Dose: 0.2–0.3 g/kg

60–150 min pre-event (or split micro-doses day-before + race day)

Notes: Useful for repeated high-intensity efforts; GI side-effects common; test in training.

Not recommended

  • High-dose pre-workout blends: Variable stimulant content, contamination risk; not supported by major frameworks.

Monitoring

  • Resting HR & RPE trends
  • GI tolerance
  • Sleep latency when using caffeine late